ABSTRACT
Vaccines and antiviral treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are progressing at an incredible rate. To protect further lives, the world is eager for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral peptides (AVPs), also termed antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), have antiviral properties, although little is known. AVPs are a group of small polycationic antivirals (8–40 amino acids long) having strong wide-range antiviral activity. Surprisingly, AVPs have been shown to have preventive and therapeutic actions against coronaviruses (CoVs). Peptides and proteins contain significant therapeutic potential. More research is needed to explore the possibilities of a wide range of lipidated (and non-lipidated) peptide medications;lipidation is a helpful tool for reducing drug degradation and extending half-life, with some of these benefits likely due to self-assembly. This chapter aims to use peptides and lipopeptides against SARS-CoV-2.
ABSTRACT
Phytonutrients (plant chemicals) called flavonoids may be detected in almost all fruits and vegetables. They are responsible for the brilliant colors of fruits and vegetables, together with carotenoids. Flavonoids, like other phytonutrients, are potent antioxidants with antiinflammatory and immune-enhancing characteristics. Polyphenols may diminish severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection by linking to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) linking site and limiting viral entrance, as well as regulating the severity of COVID-19 lung destruction by controlling ACE-2 expression. A new potential relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and the co-receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) may induce the expansion of newer COVID-19 treatment methods, in addition to ACE-2. After glycosylation, flavonoids' solubility in water is significantly enhanced, which increases their pharmacological actions. Antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects have been discovered in resveratrol (RSV). Quercetin was discovered to have a possible repressing consequence against SARS-CoV-2 in a computer simulation. Main protease (Mpro) had a significant preference for quercetin. According to a computer study, the flavonoids icariin, myricitrin, naringin, quercitrin, and neohesperidin have a significant interaction potential for transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). The bioavailability improvement of quercetin has also been shown in vivo. The novel nanovesicles exhibited extended drug durability and significant therapeutic impact compared to uncoated ones due to chitosan resistance to stomach acid. This chapter aims to explain the use of flavonoids and other polyphenols against SARS-CoV-2.
ABSTRACT
For the third time in the past few decades, the novel coronavirus has been named the most lethal ever, able to infect animals and humans all over the world. Healthcare policy uses advanced technology like artificial intelligence (AI), deep machine learning, and big data to combat and forecast emerging diseases. AI is increasingly being used to aid in disease detection, prevention, response, rehabilitation, and clinical analysis. Since these developments are still in the early stages, minimum development is being made in their application for significant deliberation at the local and international strategy levels. Nonetheless, a new example demonstrates that AI-driven systems are becoming more reliable. Companies like BlueDot and Metabiota used AI to predict the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in China before it shocked the world in late 2019 by monitoring its effects and spread. Using computational techniques to discover new target drugs and vaccines in silico is one approach. Drug repurposing is a method for discovering new applications for existing or experimental drugs. A drug repurposing approach is a viable option for novel diseases like COVID-19. Drug discovery and vaccination, biological research, remote video diagnosis, tracking patient contacts, COVID-19 recognition and therapy via smart robots, and identification of noncontact infection are all areas where AI will be used in the future. This chapter aims to look at AI-based technology for coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and the Middle East respiratory syndrome diagnosis, management, drug repurposing medications, novel drug discovery, and vaccines, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a complex disease that causes illness ranging from mild to severe respiratory problems. It is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) that is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus belongs to coronavirus CoV family. It has a fast-spreading potential worldwide, which leads to high mortality regardless of lows death rates. Now some vaccines or a specific drug are approved but not available for every country for disease prevention and/or treatment. Therefore, it is a high demand to identify the known drugs and test them as a possible therapeutic approach. In this critical situation, one or more of these drugs may represent the only option to treat or reduce the severity of the disease, until some specific drugs or vaccines will be developed and/or approved for everyone in this pandemic. In this updated review, the available repurpose immunotherapeutic treatment strategies are highlighted, elucidating the crosstalk between the immune system and SARS-CoV-2. Despite the reasonable data availability, the effectiveness and safety of these drugs against SARS-CoV-2 needs further studies and validations aiming for a better clinical outcome.